African influence on Western Culture Essay Example for Free

African influence on Western Culture EssayAfrica, a classical with a not so peaceful history, has always been mysterious and amazing, all at the same time. Afri was a Latin name used to reference to the Carthaginians who lived in Northern Africa from the 9th century B.C to the 7th century A.D when the last Punic culture was destroyed in the Arab conquest. Before I start recounting my general fate of view on the topic above, I would like to share a brief opinion about multiculturalism. Defining it is not that simple.Some people refer to multiculturalism as a word that describes society where many divers(prenominal) cultures live together in peace. But is it always like that? What about inherent racial discrimination and fear? Over the last few years, lots of people crap been exploiting it in order to abuse other cultures and discriminate people who are different from them. In a normal world, they would be reprimanded and heavily fined. In most countries, thats not the case and even the authorities do not apportion about them.On the other hand, all cultures deserve respect, including the African ones. Cultures have been developed over centuries to allow people to live together, reasonably and peacefully. Multiculturalism can nasty a country accepting some practices it tends to object to, but it can also mean that a culture becomes exposed to other ways of living, which could have quite a bad impact on the other dwellers.In conclusion, we must learn that accepting people as they are is of great importance. It is primary(prenominal) to respect each other, and one should know that living by moral standards is one irreplaceable thing.

Dynamic Universe 1 Journal Essay Example for Free

Dynamic Universe 1 Journal EssayFrom the very beginning, the carrying for the universe has been accompanied with numerous misconceptions and myths from flat structure of the earth and earth-centered ensample of the universe to contemporary astrology and horoscopes. From the critical perspective, if the early explanations about the universe and our place in it could be explained due to kn witness technological limitations of the ancients, modern astrology does not have any viable explanations. As Phil Plait argues on his website Badastronomy.com, modern astrology cannot be considered a science a priori and on that point ar many reasons to make us support this recital. Unlike astronomy, which is based on universally developed methodologies, derived primarily from physics, chemistry, and mathematics, astronomy does not use any of them. The latter(prenominal) lacks even universally agreed method, as Phil Plait explains, some astrologists claim that the moment of birth is outs tanding, others say its the month, etc but they all operate under a very broad working assumption there is some sort of force from the heavens that influences us here on Earth. Although during the development of the astronomy there have been mixed differences in theories and ideas, for instance queen-sized fill out model, all of them were developed on the thorough scientific analysis of data and mathematical models united with specific methodologies. With some deviations, astrology can be compared to Sun worship practices during the ancient times. Naturally, Sun worship originated in agricultural areas due to the peoples heavy dependence of the sun light for the crop. If assessed critically, Sun worship has been a dominated religious practice.Wikipedia online encyclopedia indicates that Sun worship has been characteristic for Egyptian, Japanese and Nordic mythologies. Ancient Greeks also worshiped Helios, God of the Sun. Simultaneously, the list of solar deities provides even mor e evidence about the dominance of Sun worship during the early periods of ancient civilizations. Surprisingly, Smithbrad traces important connections of Sun worship and galactic basis to the Christian religion, indicating both historical and scriptural evidence. For observers from the earth, the Sun and the Moon represent two most bright objects on the sky.However, from the critical perspective, these objects are not unique, not totally by their produce but also by the characteristics of their light. Practically, the story of star formation is a study in contradictions. It starts with atoms, molecules, and dust particles floating aimlessly in the dark and frigid depths of interstellar space. Out of the cold and empty expanses, gravity brings these scattered particles together to form stars. Over hundreds of millions of years, these gas and dust particles congregate into enormous clouds that can span hundreds of light-years.The two lightest elements hydrogen and helium dominate these clouds, accounting for about 92 pct and eight percent of the atoms, respectively (NASA, 2005). Dust grains account for about one percent of a clouds total mass. Astronomers call these clouds giant molecular clouds because they also give trace amounts of molecules such as water, alcohol, ammonia, and confused carbon-based organic compounds, which represent raw components of life. All in all, the clouds contain enough material to form tens of thousands of new stars. magnetized fields and the random motions of gas molecules prevent the cloud from collapsing under its own weight. The various gas and dust particles jostle about, but eventually, enough mass congregates in one region to initiate gravitational collapse in a small portion of the cloud. Astronomers once thought that cloud collapse was usually triggered by external disturbances, such as supernova shock waves or stellar winds. Nowadays, however, most astronomers think that cloud collapse usually happens on its own, alth ough triggering mechanisms can still look an important role (NASA,2005).Over the course of several millennia, a collapsing gas cloud fragments into tens to thousands of relatively dense, rotating clumps of gas that will ultimately form newborn stars. electric arc and jobion nebulae are abundant in the universe, though not observed with the naked eye. Practically, emission nebulae, cloud of gas and dust floating in space, fling their own light, due to the presence of ultraviolet radiation coming from the hot star or star clusters stars (Nebulae, 2005).The very hot star emits highly prompt radiation of the invisible part of the electro-magnetic spectrum, and the emission nebula re-emits the radiation in the visible light (M42, 2005). Unlike the reflection nebulae, in the emission nebulae the atoms of the dust are energized by the radiation (ultraviolet) and start emitting (not reflecting) their own radiation as atoms fall back into lower energy states. This process of the radiati on emission can be compared to the Sun, with the only deviation that the latter emits radiation and light due to the processes which occur in the Suns core without any impact from the outside object.Simultaneously, reflection nebulae reflect the light coming from the star or star cluster. This process can be compared to the Moon, as it also reflects the light coming from the Sun, not emitting its own radiation. From its own origin when being formulated by Lematre and proved by Hubble, the Big Bang theory evidenced many contributions, objections and simplifications. The Hubble Law states that galaxies in every cathexis are distancing away from us with speeds proportional to their distance.The major contribution to the Big Bang theory has been made with the data obtained from satellites COBE and WMAP, and the Hubble Space Telescope. The data allowed scientists to formulate the statement that the universe has been formed 14 jillion years ago in a hot, dense, event known as the Big Ba ng. Practically, what the theory of Big Bang provides is the explanation of nature and major characteristics of the universe. There is no edge or boundaries in the universe. The expansion of the universe is occurring at all points simultaneously.Therefore, as Richard Powell explains the most of 350 billion galaxies which contains the universe are moving away from one another. However, it does not necessarily mean that the Earth or our galaxy is moving. As it is known, galaxies are distributed not universally. The systems interchangeable to our Solar System and the Milky Way are formed from under the gravity and thus are restrained from moving apart. However, 350 billion galaxies and 3. 5 meg dwarf galaxies in the universe are collected into vast sheets, clusters and superclusters of galaxies surrounding large voids.Bibliography Phil Plait. Astrology, available at http//www. badastronomy. com/bad/misc/astrology. html Accessed Oct 3, 2005 The resource is dedicated to various miscon ceptions in the astronomy, including numerous myths and beliefs, like astrology, pseudoscience and science portrayal in contemporary movie industry. Wikipedia Encyclopedia. Solar Deity available http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Solar_deity Accessed Oct 3, 2005 World Largest Open Encyclopedia, which offers explanations on various issues, including the astronomy and related subjects.Though not cited, this resource http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Big_BangHubble. 27s_law_expansion became very useful for the journal preparation. Smithbrad Sun Worship on tap(predicate) http//smithbrad. nventure. com/sunworship. htm Accessed Oct 3, 2005 Resource aims to provide connections between Christian faith and practices with the Sun worship tradition as the most ancient tradition among all religions. The resource provides both scientific and scriptural evidence for its statements. Nebulae useable http//www. seasky. org/cosmic/sky7a05. htmlAccessed Oct 3, 2005 Web resource is dedicated primarily for c oncise and practical explanations of astronomical terms and phenomena. It offers graphic and photo illustrations to explains various issues in the astronomical science. NASA. Imagine the Universe Available http//imagine. gsfc. nasa. gov This resource provides information for star life cycle patterns, which was useful for conducting the journal, particularly on the questions on emission and reflection nebulae. M42 Available http//www. seds. org/messier/m/m042. html Accessed Oct 3, 2005The resource is a part of the Messier Catalog. It became useful for the journal discussion on reflection and emission nebulae, offering photo illustrations and discovery business relationship of Orion Nebula, also known as M42 Richard Powell Atlas of the Universe Available http//anzwers. org/free/universe Accessed Oct 3, 2005 It is the most useful resource for general explanation of the Big Bang theory, providing graphical illustrations of its major concepts and problematic moments. Maps compiled by M r. Powell has been used for journal explanations and references.

A Free Body Diagram Mechanics Essay

A Free Body Diagram Mechanics EssayA throw in the towel body diagram consists primarily of a sketch of the body in question and pointers representing the storms applied to it. The selection of the body to sketch may be the first important decision in the paradox solving process. For example, to find the moguls on the pivot joint of a simple pair of pliers, it is helpful to draw a quality with body diagram of scarce one of the two pieces, non the entire system, replacing the second half with the forces it would apply to the first half.What is embroildThe sketch of the throw in body need include just as much detail as necessary. Often a simple outline is sufficient. Dep checking on the analysis to be performed and the model being employed, in effect(p) a single point may be the most appropriate.All external contacts, constraints, and body forces argon indicated by vector arrows labeled with appropriate descriptions. The arrows evince the direction and magnitude of the var ious forces. To the extent possible or practical, the arrows should indicate the point of application of the force they represent.Only the forces performing on the object ar included. These may include forces much(prenominal) as friction, gravity, commonplace force, drag, or simply contact force due to pushing. When in a non-inertial reference frame, fictitious forces, such as centrifugal force may be appropriate.A coordinate system is usually included, according to convenience. This may make defining the vectors simpler when writing the equations of motion. The x direction might be chosen to point down the ramp in an inclined plane problem, for example. In that case the friction force all has an x component, and the customary force only has a y component. The force of gravity get out tacit nurture components in both the x and y direction mgsin() in the x and mgcos() in the y, where is the angle between the ramp and the horizontal.What is excludedAll external contacts and c onstraints are left out and replaced with force arrows as expound above.Forces which the free body applies to other objects are not included. For example, if a ball rests on a table, the ball applies a force to the table, and the table applies an equal and mated force to the ball. The FBD of the ball only includes the force that the table causes on the ball.Internal forces, forces between various parts that make up the system that is being enured as a single body, are omitted. For example, if an entire truss is being analyzed to find the reaction forces at the supports, the forces between the individual truss members are not included.Any velocity or acceleration is left out. These may be indicated instead on a companion diagram, called Kinetic diagrams, Inertial solution diagrams, or the equivalent, depending on the author.AssumptionsThe free body diagram reflects the assumption and simplifications made in order to analyze the system. If the body in question is a planet in orbit for example, and all that is required is to find its velocity, then a single point may be the best representation. On the other hand, the halt dive of a motorcycle cannot be found from a single point, and a sketch with finite dimensions is required.Force vectors must be carefully locate and labeled to avoid assumptions that presuppose a result. For example, in the accompanying diagram of a block on a ramp, the acquire location of the resulting normal force of the ramp on the block can only be found after analyzing the motion or by assuming equilibrium.Other simplifying assumptions that may be considered include two-force members and three-force members.Drawing Free-Body DiagramsFree-body diagrams are diagrams used to march the relative magnitude and direction of all forces acting upon an object in a given situation. A free-body diagram is a special example of the vector diagrams which were discussed in an earlier unit. These diagrams impart be used throughout our study of phys ics. The size of the arrow in a free-body diagram is reflects the magnitude of the force. The direction of the arrow shows the direction which the force is acting. Each force arrow in the diagram is labeled to indicate the exact type of force. It is generally customary in a free-body diagram to represent the object by a box and to draw the force arrow from the affectionateness of the box outward in the direction which the force is acting. An example of a free-body diagram is shown at the right.The free-body diagram above depicts four forces acting upon the object. Objects do not necessarily always have four forces acting upon them. There pull up stakes be cases in which the number of forces depicted by a free-body diagram will be one, two, or three. There is no hard and fast rule about the number of forces which must be drawn in a free-body diagram. The only rule for drawing free-body diagrams is to depict all the forces which exist for that object in the given situation. Thus, to construct free-body diagrams, it is extremely important to know the various types of forces. If given a description of a physical situation, begin by using your understanding of the force types to identify which forces are present. Then determine the direction in which from each one force is acting. Finally, draw a box and add arrows for each existing force in the appropriate direction label each force arrow according to its type. If necessary, refer to the list of forces and their description in order to understand the various force types and their appropriate symbols.EXAMPLESNo doubt you are aware of free body diagrams (otherwise known as FBDs). These are simplified representations of an object (thebody) in a problem, and includes force vectors acting on the object. This body isfreebecause the diagram will show it without its surroundingsLets take Figure 1 to be a pictoral representation of our problem a boat on the shock, with a rope wrench it. stolon we will represent the b oat the body in our problem as a (really) simplified figure, a square GravityThe first force we will investigate is that due to gravity, and well call it thegravitational force. We know that the acceleration due to gravity (if on Earth) is approximatelyg= 9.8 m/s . The force, by Newtons Second Law isF= mgwheregis the acceleration due to gravity. Lets add this to our diagram . Note that the force vector, labelledFmg, points downward, as this is the direction in which the gravitation force acts.Note that this force is unremarkably calledweight. This weight (mg) is different from our everyday use of the word weight (which is known in physics as stilt).NormalThenormal forceone which prevents objects from falling into whatever it is they are academic term upon. It is alwaysperpendicularto the surface with which an object is in contact. For example, if there is a crate on the floor, then we say that the crate experiences a normal forcebythe floor and because of this force, the crate does not fall into the floor. The normal force on the crate points upward, perpendicular to the floor.It is called the normal force becausenormalandperpendicularmean the same thing. The normal force is always perpendicular to the surface with which a body is in constact. For a body on a sloped surface (say a ramp), the normal force acting on that body is still perpendicular to the slope.In the case of our problem, the ship, we will pretend the ship is being pulled on a floor. (This is because on piddle there is the complication with another force, buoyancy. For simplicitys sake, we will ignore buoancy by putting the ship on the floor.) Lets add the normal force to our FBD (Figure ), and represent the normal force with the script N, .FrictionRelated to the normal force is thefrictional force. The two are related because they are both due to the surface in contact with the body. Whereas the normal force was perpendicular to the surface, the frictional force is parallel. Furthermore, friction opposes motion, and so its vector always points away from the direction of movement.Friction is divided into two categories, static and kinetic. These are represented by the script F, with a subscript s for static friction, and a subscript k for kinetic friction,. As its name suggests,static frictionoccurs when the body is not moving (i.e. static). It is the force which makes it grueling to start something moving. On the other hand,kinetic frictionoccurs when the body is in motion. This is the force which causes objects to slow down and eventually stop.Friction is usually approximated as being proportional to the normal force. The proportionality constant is called the coefficient of (static or kinetic) friction. The constant is represented asfor static friction, andfor kinetic friction it depends on the actual surface with which the body is in contact.To summarize,Weve added (kinetic) friction to our free body diagram, Figure .Push and PullAnother force which may act on a n object could be any physical push or pull. This could be caused by a person pushing a crate on the floor, a child pulling on a wagon, or in the case of our example, the wind pushing on the ship.We will label the push force caused by the wind withFpushTensionTension in an object results if pulling force act on its ends, such as in a rope used to pull a boulder. If no forces are acting on the rope, say, except at its ends, and the rope itself is in equilibrium, then the tension is the same throughout the rope.We will use the letterTto represent tension in a free body diagram.If we say that our ship is being pulled by a rope at its front end, then we can add this force to our FBD (Figure ).And there we have it all the forces acting on our ship has been labelled in Figure . This is the complete FBD for our problem of a ship being pulled along a floor by a ropeSteering Wheel and Pedals of a BicycleTwo examples of the turning effect of two equal and opposite forces not acting in the sam e straight line are the steering wheel and the pedals of a bicycle. In the figure (a) below, the left hand is pulling with force F on the steering wheel while the right hand is pushing with the same force F. The two forces make the wheel turn in an levorotary direction.In figure (b) shown above, one pedal is being pushed forward while the other is being pushed back. This rotates the sprocket wheel and the attached chain anticlockwise. Can you telephone of other everyday examples in which a turning effect or rotation takes place?Examples of CoupleIn our day-to-day life, we come across some objects which work on the principle of couple. Winding up the spring of a toy car, opening and closing the cap of a bottle, turning of a water tap, cork screws, door key etc. are some of the common examples of couples.A beam balanceThe physical balance used in the nurture laboratory is pivoted in the middle with equal arms. The two scale pans of equal weights are hung from the upper edge of wed ge shaped supports at either end of the beam. When the beam is raised for weighing, it swings freely about the lower edge of a wedge shaped support in the center. In this position the balance is in equilibrium.Beam balanceBecause l1= l2and m1= m2, according to the principle of moments,m1x l1= m2x l2Now if you place a mass of 1 kg in one pan and an unknown mass x on the other pan so that the balance is in equilibrium.then, (m1+ x) l1= (m2+ 1) l2As m1= m2and l1= l2x = 1 kgLet us calculate what part of the load each boy carries.To find the upward force exerted by the boy at A, we shall consider the hand of the boy at B as the pivot.Now, the clockwise moment = F1x 5 m and the anticlockwise moment due to the load 900 N = 900 x 3.If the bar is in equilibrium, thenF1x 5 = 900 x 3F1= 900 x= 540 NHence, the force exerted by the boy = 540 N.But F1+ F2= 900 N (sum of the downward forces equal to the sum of upward forces).Therefore, F2= 900 F1= 900 540= 360 NThe force exerted by the boy at B can also be calculated by using A as a pivot.Therefore, F2x 5 = 900 x 2or, F1= 900 x= 360 NREFERENCEWWW.ELIS.COMWWW.ENCYCLOPEDIA.COMWWW.ANSWER.COMDIFFERENT BOOKSR.S. KHURMIG.K. LAL

Project Complete Duration By Using Network Diagram Construction Essay

Project Complete Duration By Using Network Diagram Construction EssayTime of action mechanism is calculated in forward pass and backward pass to determine vagabond. Forward pass (earliest start + duration = earliest finish) to calculates earliest event eon of activity which appraisals brook roll in the hay conviction for example activity F earliest finish eld ar 18 (14 + 4). Latest event time of activity is calculated in backward pass (latest finish duration = latest start) to determine activity in searing path and with float such(prenominal) as activity H latest start mean solar day are 20 (22 2). Total float = Latest finish Earliest start Duration. For example, float for activity C is 3 days (12 days 6 days -3 days)Activity A to Q is calculated in a forward pass hence throw duration is 47 days ( gameboard 1). Critical path are activity with zero float such as activity B (6 days 4 days 2 days) travelling bag on above formula and others activities. Below are the activities in critical path.Project testament compete on 12 April 2011 which is calculated in a forward pass with 5 days working week exclude Saturday and Sunday ( table 2). For example, intercommunicate start on 7 February 2011, activity A fox duration is 4 days, therefore activity A provide finish at 10 February 2011.a) 1 day delay during activity F, throw away still ended on 47 days due to activity F have 4 days float. dismantle thought delay 1 day, activity F still got 3 days float (4 days 1 days = 3 days).b) Activity P falls under critical path which mean activity with zero float. so 1 day delay will increase project complete date from original 47 days to 48 days (47 days + 1 days delay = 48 days).c) Activity Q is last activity. Activity Q to a fault is an activity with zero float and on critical path. Conclusion, 1 day delay in activity Q will delay whole project complete date by 1 day. Then impertinent project complete date will be 48 days in state of 47days. princip al 6Project complete duration can be cipher by using network diagram. It helps project bus to monitor project easier al-Qaeda on duration of each activity. In other words, it helps film director to estimate the earliest time for activities to start and finish. On other hand it alike helps to estimate latest start and finish time for the activities to complete whole project without delay.Furthermore, network diagram is link among each activity, it provide clear picture on how each activity perform in project and on critical path which may cultivate project duration if there is some(prenominal) delay. Besides, it go ons search time and speed out the time to solve the problem which helps to avoid delay in project.Moreover, activities in network diagram are depending of their finis nub activity A must finish forwards activity B start. Each activity needs different time and resources to complete its part. Thus project manager able to allocate and fully utilize each activity time and resources with limited time and resources given.Network diagram show the activities in critical path. Base on this information, project manager able to forecast and monitor on those activities fall in critical path in good order to avoid any delay during the project. In case of delay, project manager able to conception the necessary step to backup the activity delay so the project will complete on time.Base on network diagram, project manager able to make a decision whether project should speed out to save costs because of the shorter duration to complete or there is any chance costs while speeds out process run into part. According to this, project manager able to monitor the budget with actual cost in each activity to avoid over budget from the project which may affect project future profit.(636 word)AppendixReferencehttp//tutor2u.net/business/production/critical-path-analysis.htm (view on 9/9/10 842am)http//wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_purpose_of_a_network_diagram ( view on 2/9/10 136pm)http//hadm.sph.sc.edu/courses/j716/cpm/cpm.html (view 9/9/10 901am)Mike Field and Laurie Keller (1998) Project focus The Open University, UKUniversity of Sunderland (2005) SIM355 Managing Project, Version 2.0 The University of Sunderland, UKDate 4th October 2010To Board of DirectorsFrom Project film director of Opening New Showroom in West EnglandReference A report submitted to Board of Director of make and make on feasibility do Project Management Preview of Opening New Showroom for one hundred fifty,000sqm.Executive unofficialProject management group had been tasked with the responsibilities to handle the project of Cooper and Cooper with clinical to open impudently customized saleroom which include workshop, administration office, sumptuousness motor vehicles display and allow trading in buying and merchandising luxury customized vehicles.Project life story cycle is used by project manager during project period to determine each stage in project l ife cycle is follow accordingly. Those stages are concept stage, development stage, implementation stage and terminal stage.By undertaking feasibility study, project manager develop a business case, establish goal and objective of Copper and Cooper at concept stage. tincture analysis is use to focus on factors should aware before project start. Team member include squad up leader has appointed.In development stage, project plan has been created. It also includes financial plan by estimate total costs of the project and payback period. In addition, work breakdown structure has been created which helps in resources, quality, dialogue and procurement plan. Major categories attempt has been determine and run a take chances management nonplus is use to manage risk.Implementation stage more concern about how project manager control and monitor whole project when it has been started. Motivation of team member is inbred key during the project. then leadership style help team memb er and project manager motivate team member.Project is complete at terminal stage and review of project has been d adept. Opening ceremony, trading and exploit of new base is ready. Project manager and team member will be a consultant and relocated.List of TableTable 1 Stakeholder expectation to company 13Table 2 STEEP analyses 15Table 3 Work breakdown structure 16Table 5 Prioritizing potential difference insecuritys 18Table 6 Estimate proceeding costs for the project 19List of ChartPage 1 of 46 1Page 7 of 46 2Table of contentList of Table 10List of Chart 101.0INTRODUCTION 121.1Background of Cooper and Cooper 121.2Project Life Cycle 132.0CONCEPT STAGE 132.1 coating and Objective 132.2STEEP analysis 152.3Renovation and Security 162.4New Employment 163.0DEVELOPMENT STAGE 163.1Work Breakdown Structure 163.2Risk Categories 173.3Risk Management 183.4Risk Monitoring 183.5Cost Estimate 194.0IMPLEMENTATION STAGE 204.1Responding to risk 204.2Report Frequently 214.3Monitoring and Control ling 214.4Leadership and Motivation 224.5Managing and Administrating 234.6Approval from stakeholders 245.0 conclusion STAGE 245.1Showroom preparation 245.2Open ceremony 245.3 Review and relocate team member 246.0CONCLUSION 25 vermiform appendix 25REFERENCE 45Task 2INTRODUCTIONThe purpose of this report is to determine ability of the project management team to handle the project with objective to open new customized showroom which include workshop, administration office, motor vehicles display area, guest parking lots and associated landscaping.Background of Cooper and Cooper gondola company normally faces the challenge on provides best product to customer which really met their requirement. Cooper and Cooper (CC) are company mainly focuses on customization of advanced quality motor vehicles such as Mercedes, Ferrari, Lamborghini, BMW and Range Rover.Currently, they have 1 base in the south West of England and had acquisition new additional base of 150,000sq meters to build a custo m showroom that allow trading in buying and selling luxury customized vehicles.Project Life CycleProject manager use project life cycle (PLC) to defined planning methodology which include goal setting, define costs, establish time and project absolute. PLC comprises four stages concept, development, implementation and terminal (Chart 5 in appendix).CONCEPT STAGEGoal and ObjectiveGoal and objective of company may create motivation and focus performance. Therefore effective objective must be specific, measurable, agreed, realistic and time limited (SMART). In addition, other objectives such as customer and employee satisfaction and ethical practices will increase value of company in long term (Table 1).Table 1 Stakeholder expectation to companyStakeholderExpectation from company shareholderReturn on dividend base on cash investemployeeyearly salary increment and bonus presidential termtax computation base on profit turn backproviderContinue supplier and payment on timecustomerServic es satisfactionTherefore, preproject evaluation should be use to monitor project objective and overall strategy of the CC. Chart 1 below shows world yearly production of motor vehicles. According to this plug-in, CC goal is to achieve 25% of the selling luxury customize motor vehicles base on car production in UK and achieve sustainable growth of 20% annually.Chart 1 earth motor vehicle production (source http//oica.net/category/production-statistics/)(For a breakdown of production by country in the world, refer Table 8 in appendix) around of companies determine selling price as a cost + profit but hereby non-cost principle selling price cost = profit are better focussing for CC to determine the selling price. Reasonable and standable selling price will help to stay competitive. Lean management is the way to create a sustainable continual improvement strategy and goal.STEEP analysisBesides internet factors that influence by both shareholder and stakeholder, CC should focus on e xternal factor that may affect project by using STEEP analyses before open new base which shows table 2 belowTable 2 STEEP analysesSocialIncrease population life style by create more job opportunity and more incomeTechnologiesAware of rapid technologies metamorphose in environment which will affect productivityEconomyIncrease in life style, gross house servant production (GDP) will increase therefore economy of nation, company and employee of company will increaseEcologicalBetter living environment such as improve in transportation, education and etcPoliticalAware on changes in government policies such as wellness and guard law for employee (Table 9 in appendix )Renovation and SecurityShowroom de subscribe will create right mood for customer to purchase motor vehicles. Thus renovation is an essential sales tool. Furthermore, security of showroom is major concern with valuable motor vehicles display so security alarm system such as CCTV and infrared emission for night security sho uld be installed. Table 10 in appendix shows the detail costs for renovation and estimate will complete in one year for date of commission.New EmploymentNew head of project and departments such as engineering, customer services and etc should be employed to run new base daily activities. Therefore this showroom will provide employment for 60 people. Project team leader should be appointed to specially take care of each part of the activities base on their experience and skill.DEVELOPMENT STAGEWork Breakdown Structure erst concept stage had been clear by related parties and new team leader had been employed. Team leader will monitor and control their team activities on below work structure. Therefore project schedule can map out and cost able to estimate afterward completion of work breakdown structure (WBS). WBS also helps to identify risk of the project too.Table 3 Work breakdown structureProject ManagerRenovationFinanceSecurityMarketing and customer servicesHR and AdminEngineeri ngCustomize Decoration Sale Facilities Invoices ElectricalServices Purchasing Customer research Entrance Receive Plumbingenlisting Customer complain Cost Interior designEvents show PaymentRisk CategoriesOnce work had been allocated, we need to categories type of the risk. Table 4 in below show the categories of risk which may face during project periodTable 4 Major categories of risk (source SIM335 Managing project, UOS (2005))Risk categoryExample technicalFail to change and get information regarding new technology, design error or omissionsEnvironmentCulture of organization such as same model of motor vehicles not accept by all population in the worldFinancialCash flow problem, budget cuts and corporate unpredictabilityResources alter skill people and equipment not availableHumanLack motivation for employee will increase human error, personality conflict and miscommunicationLogisticalMaterial supplier problem such as shortest in material or excess credit limit and periodGovernmentD ifferent government policies for different countries and change in rules and regulationMarketMotor vehicles model fail to seemly customer requirement and competitor produce new motor vehicle with meet customer requirementRisk ManagementRisk categories had defined, risk management model is the way to manage risk (Table 11 in appendix). According to risk management, objective of project need to define then only able to identify potential risk and monitor whether impact of the risk to such project. Example, logistic risk will affect project duration in case lack material for renovation.This logistical risk can be preventing by sign contract with supplier to confirm they will supply sufficient material when there is shortage. Furthermore payment period and credit limit should monitor properly to avoid excess limit given by supplier. Logistical risk can be avoided by sign contract with supply. Thus this risk had slay to supplier.Risk MonitoringWhole team member should work together to report, monitor and plan the risk when they find that potential risk rise. Potential risk event will impact project costs, time and grasp. As a result, project costs will increase time will extent and scope of business will be limited. Therefore prioritizing potential risks (Table 5) is useful to assessing risk on impact and ability to influence whole project.Table 5 Prioritizing Potential Risks taller(prenominal) impactLow ability to influenceHigh impactHigh ability to influenceLow impactLow ability to influenceLow impactHigh ability to influenceImpactAbility to influenceSite plan for new base should be submit to government department to get approval before renovation start. Equipment and material such as engine for motor vehicle should be purchase table 12 in appendix shows how purchasing procedure should be done.Cost EstimateIn reality, most of the shareholders are concern with when can they get back their money after invest to this project. Table 6 below is the simple calculat ion on payback period for the equipment purchase. Base on below table estimate payback period for project is 7 years because of the positives cumulative cash flow.Estimate costs for cash outflow are the operation cost incurred at initial of project (year 0) and there is no other additional cash. Cash inflow is the cash receive from the sales generate.Table 6 Estimate operation costs for the projectIMPLEMENTATION STAGEResponding to riskAccording to risk categories and management in development stage, risk responsibility of stakeholders should take into consideration (Table 7).Table 7 Respond to risk (source SIM335 Managing project, UOS (2005))Risk respondDescriptionRisk ReductionDeduce risk by hire lack experience employment.Risk TransferTransfer risk to thirty parties by sign contract or agreementRisk AcceptanceAccept risk rather plan it due to low impactPolitical risk cannot neither be reduce or transfer but only can be accept even thought impact is highMitigating riskReduce risk b efore event happen such as well maintain on technologiesAll project team member executes to site on this stage and project team leader should take care of their part to make undisputable project will complete as plan. Orientation given to all team members to make sure they know the procedure and activities they involve.Report Frequentlyhebdomadary meeting will conduct on every Monday morning for each team leader to participate on the status of their activity and problem facing. enigma will bring out to find the better solution to solve without delay project completion.Monitoring and ControllingChart 2 Monitoring and controlling process (source http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FileMonitoring_and_Controlling_Process_Group_Processes.jpg )Project comparing planned outcome and actual outcome will be done on the meeting and ongoing project evaluation according to process flow in chart 2. This is to make sure actual cost of work perform will not best budgeted cost of work perform by 10% max imum and measure the status of the project.Submission of changes request form (table 13 in appendix) and project communication form (table 14 in appendixes) is compulsory in case of changes during the project. This is to monitor and control project quality and resourcesLeadership and MotivationProject Manager should checker employment motivation during project period. Therefore Maslows hierarchy of needs will help to increase motivation (Chart 3)Chart 3 Maslows hierarchy of Needs (Source http//psychology.about.com/od/theoriesofpersonality/a/hierarchyneeds.htm)Leader is the essential for increase motivation because leader role is to get things done and drive change through team member. Leadership styles as show in chart 4 belowChart 4 Leadership style (source http//www.nwlink.com/donclark/leader/leadstl.html)(For details of leadership styles, refer table 15 in appendix)Managing and AdministratingRenovation such as floor, roof, stairs and external works undertake as per design which follow government rules and regulation. Electrical, gas and light installed after completion of ceiling renovation. Furniture and fitting, office equipment such as air-conditional and workshop facilities had been purchase and fix accordingly.Workshop and office area constructed at estimated size of 35,000sqm. High quality vehicles will display in showroom therefore showroom facilities and interior decoration done at estimated size of 95,000sqm. The balance 20,000sqm will as a parking lot for customer during entrance to showroom. Completions of showroom pass to shareholder and stakeholder to review and approved. Corrections actions will be done as per shareholder and stakeholder requirement.Approval from stakeholdersAfter approval from stakeholder and shareholder base on renovation done, event team prepare for showroom opening ceremony. Motor vehicles will move in and display as per plan and design. Reconfirm all had been done and complete as per plan by using checklist (Table 16 in appendix).TERMINATION STAGEShowroom preparation1 manager, 3 sales serveants and 2 administration assistant staffs will be employed as an operations team for the showroom. Showroom need to obtain Certificate of fitness from government agencies before start trading. Showroom operation hours are determined according to healthy and caoutchouc act.Open ceremonyList down guest name for shareholder and stakeholder to decide who will be inviting for opening ceremony and sent out the invitation mentality to ceremony. All documents for project will be update and filling before signing off and finalist project.Review and relocate team memberProject completion evaluation must be done to confirm completion of project by using project checklist (table 16 in appendix) and wait for opening ceremony. Once opening ceremony done, showroom can start to operate and trading for luxury customized vehicles. Project manager and team will base on Cooper and Cooper for at least six month after showroom ope n for consultation.CONCLUSIONThis report shows the purpose of the Cooper and Cooper to have new base. Project life cycle used to determine how project should conduct. At the concept stage of project life cycle, internal and external factors should be concern. Goal and objective, costs for renovation are determined. Development stage mention team leader and their member work base on work breakdown structure. room to identify risk and necessary step should be taken for that potential risk.Implementation stage is the actual renovation work start in showroom and related equipment purchase. Correction step taken upon shareholder and stakeholder requirement. Termination stage is confirm project had completed and preparation for opening ceremony. Project manager and team member will relocate.(2064 words)APPENDIXChart 5 Project life cycle (source http//www.mpmm.com/project-management-methodology.php)Concept stageDevelopment stageImplementation stage celestial pole stageTable 8 Breakdown of production by country in the world (Source http//oica.net/category/production-statistics/)CountryCarsCommercial vehiclesTotal% changegenus Argentina380,067132,857512,924-14.10%Australia188,15839,125227,283-31.00%Austria56,62015,71472,334-52.20%Belgium524,59512,510537,354-25.80%Brazil2,576,628605,9893,182,617-1.00%Canada822,267668,3651,490,632-28.40%China10,383,8313,407,16313,790,99448.30%Czech Rep.967,7606,809974,5693.00%Egypt60,24932,09092,339-23.00%Finland10,9076410,971-38.70%France1,819,462228,1962,047,658-20.30%Germany4,964,523245,3345,209,857-13.80%Hungary180,5002,040182,540-47.30%India2,166,238466,4562,632,69412.90%Indonesia352,172112,644464,816-22.60%Iran1,359,52035,9011,395,4219.50%Italy661, degree Celsius182,139843,239-17.60%Japan6,862,1611,072,3557,934,516-31.50%Malaysia447,00242,267489,269-7.80%Mexico942,876618,1761,561,052-28.00%Netherlands50,62025,98176,601-42.20%Poland819,00065,133884,133-7.10%Portugal101,68024,335126,015-28.10%Romania279,32017,178296,49820.90%Russia5 95,839126,592722,431-59.60%Serbia8,7201,35510,075-13.40%Slovakia461,340461,340-19.90%Slovenia202,57010,179212,7497.50%South Africa222,981150,942373,923-33.60%South Korea3,158,417354,5093,512,926-8.20%Spain1,812,688357,3902,170,078-14.60%Sweden128,73827,600156,338-49.30%Taiwan183,98642,370226,35623.70%Thailand313,442685,936999,378-28.30%Turkey510,931358,674869,605-24.20%Ukraine65,6463,64969,295-83.60%UK999,46090,6791,090,139-33.90%USA2,246,4703,462,3825,708,852-34.30%Uzbekistan110,2007,700117,900-43.30%Supplementary302,450110,109412,559-22.40%Total47,952,99513,761,69461,714,689-12.80%Table 9 Summary of Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulation 1992 UK lay down minimum standards for workplace and work in or near building (source www.cipd.co.uk)Employers duties and obligation to provide health and safety working environment for their employeePublish a health and safety policyArrange for the appointment of health and safety representativesEstablish a health and safety committee if requested by a recognized trade unionAppoint a competent person to evaluate risks and hazardsArrange yearly risk assessmentConsult with employee health and safety representativesPresent and inform employee of risks and combat risks at sourcesArrange protection from unavoidable risksProvide health-risk surveillance and safety trainingProvide safety trainingMonitor and improve safety arrangementsComply with the updated provision concerning healthy and safety posters and leafletsAdopt work to the individual peculiarly with respect to the design of workplacesAlleviate monotonous work and develop a prevention policyAppoint one or more competent persons to assist in undertaking preventative and protective measuresEstablish procedures to be followed in the event of serious and imminent danger to persons working in the company ask person at work who are exposed to serious and imminent danger to be informed of the nature of the hazards and steps taken to protect themTable 10 Cost breakd own for renovation and security alarm system (source www.davislangdon.com)Cost BreakdownTotal cost ()/(gifa)%Substructure114,00085.076.12Excavation and disposal off-site 320 25Ground slab, footings, column bases, filling to levels 1,060 100Frame and upper floors113,40084.636.08Structural steelwork UB and UC sections 55tn 1,600Suspended cover floor on permanent formwork 280 80fervidness protection to steelwork Item 3,000Roof73,90055.153.97 aluminium standing seam roof cladding, including purlins, trims, cappings, insulation 1,190 50Upstands Item 2,000Mansafe system 165m 75Stairs11,0008.210.59Precast concrete staircase handrails and balustrades 2 nr 5,500External walls, windows and doors291,000217.1615.61Structural bonded glass to frontage with silicone joints and support, including automatic bi-parting entrance doors 310 500Coated aluminium double-glazed window system 150 375Aluminium louvres to glass frontage 1,500 projection including support and brackets 90 300Entrance door for vehicles as integral part of glazing walling, including ironmongery and trimming 2 nr 4,500Aluminium composite micro-rib profile wall cladding to sides and rear of showroom 400 80Steel fire escape doors 3 nr 900Inner leaf of cxl block work 200 45Internal walls and partitions68,40051.043.67Metal stud partitions to showrooms including support, up to 8m high 320 65Metal stud partitions including skim finish to offices, to 3m high 300 45Plasterboard including skim finish to external walls 400 20Proprietary glazed partitions 100 225Disabled WC cubicles 2 nr 800WC cubicles 4 nr 50Wall finishes9,8007.310.53Emulsion paint finish to walls 1,600 5Vinyl wall lining or similar 40 45Floor finishes114,30085.306.13Reinforced screeds to showrooms 100 thick 800 25Screeds to common areas 75 thick 540 15Ceramic floor tiles to showroom areas, including skirtings 800 85Carpet tiling to office and circulation areas 450 20 pile skirtings 300m 8Non-slip vinyl flooring to WC, including coved skirt ings 90 35Entrance matting 12 300Ceiling finishes45,20033.732.43Plasterboard suspended ceiling on secret grid 920 40Mineral fibre suspended ceiling 420 20

Accurate Drainage Network Extraction From Satellite Imagery

Accurate Drainage Network decline From Satellite ImageryFerdousi Khatun 1, Pratikshya Sharma1Computer Science and Engineering Department,Sikkim Manipal Institute of engineering scienceMajhitar, SikkimAbstract. The condenseion of the waste pipe hydrographical internet is a key for various types of study such as hydrological synopsis, geomorphology, environmental science, terrain analysis and cool off a look for topic in the field of GIS. Drainage network ar riped through with(predicate) transmit image (e.g. Digital tallness Model (DEM)) bear on, contour play processing and raster map processing. Due to the advances in satellite imagery high resolution DEM are captured by many satellite recently. The DEMs is advantageous everyplace toposheet because it provide unvarying info with global coverage. Accurate drainpipe rootage from DEMs is used for hydrological analysis, morphometric analysis, terrain analysis and many other rural area as DEM provide the fastest path to extract feature. This paper provides the evolution of satellite imagery and accurate drain network extraction process for various application namely geomorphometric analysis, hydrologic analysis, terrain analysis etcetera in any case describe the go involved to extract waste pipe hunt rate network from DEM an up-to-date process.Keywords DEM, ASTER-GDEM, SRTM, Cartosat 1 DEM1 IntroductionWater is the briny and most beta component on earth surface and drainage variety is the essential hydrologic, geomorphologic element for analysis. Drainage pattern is a network that is generally form by the water systembodies, lakes, streams, and rivers in a particular drainage basin which is also known as drainage body or river system. It has many application area like hydrologic modelling of micro divide, groundwater prospect zone mapping, geomorphometric controversy analysis, water resource planning and management, flood hazard prediction and mitigation, river pattern change catchi ng ,irrigation management etc. field. But drainage pattern extraction on flat surface and less(prenominal) complex terrain is still in look for topic. The traditionalistic process of generating the drainage map is from toposheet or contour map that depict the large scale detail of a geographic space. Generally it contains five work of information, river and waterbody as blue color, road as red, forest as green, contour as brown and a black color for text feature. However, channel networks extraction from topo maps require tedious time, and cartography expert needed to provide subjective decision. In brief the travel to extract drainage from contour map is supernal element removal, linear element extraction to produce linear feature map, thinning, dilation, color segmentation and generate segmented layer map 1. But extension of separate layer map has a limitation it will only work on digital contour map or historical map or high quality toposheet because poor quality toposheet suffer from false color aliasing and mixed color problem. Also available toposheet are old publishing 10-20 years back. River pattern also change their position in more or less places due to shoot downslide, flood or many natural phenomenas thus accurate drainage network is non provided by toposheet 2. The satellites are capable of producing advanced digital round top data(e.g., Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission -SRTM-, Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar for Elevation -IFSARE-) , Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Global Digital Elevation Model(ASTER GDEM V2), Cartosat -1 (Cartosat DEM 1.0), Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR) etc. so analysis became easier. Early satellite technology does not able to capture the DEM directly so for hydrologic and geomorphologic analysis DEM was generated from various satellite like QUICK BIRD,IKONOS, Landsat tm etc.3.The most widely used satellite imagery ASTER-GDEM,SRTM-DEM etc. are freely provided by USGS(http//ear thexplorer.usgs.gov/) site with 1,3 arc second spacial resolution and Cartosat-DEM is provided by ISRO(http//bhuvan.nrsc.gov.in/bhuvan_links.php) and used for analyzing the data for various study. The preceding(prenominal) mention satellite has their specific configuration and suitable for either mountain area, flat surface, mean(a) complex terrain area for accurate river network extraction. The accuracy of ASTER GDEM SRTM -DEM and is approximately same 4. In some cases Cartosat 1 DEM better sound than SRTM DEM for extracting drainage. DEMs with higher resolution provide detailed drainage networks that has greater impact on the drainage map analysis as statistical values become cut back when resolution of DEM changes from fine to rude 5.1.1 Evaluation of Satellite Imagery for Drainage ExtractionDEM plays a crucial role for generating drainage network. In past years the DEMs were available at a global coverage in a 1 KM resolution like GTOPO-30(Global Topography in 30 arc sec).A fter that Shuttle SRTM ,version 4,C-band DEM of 90m resolution and the ASTER (version 2, 30 m resolution) was launched that provide better resolution which solves the problem regarding spatial resolution. The hydrology analysis became easier in INDIA after launch of Cartosat DEM (version 1) at 30 m in 2011.These data are openly accessible and easily downloaded from USGS and ISRO website. Various purchased two-channel-images from Cartosat 1,landsat 7 ETM+,QuickBird,IKONOS,SPOT,SAR are used for generating the DEM using software and can be applied for hydrologic analysis6,7,8,910.Lot of studies is release on hydrological analysis and geomorphometric analysis from DEMs. In India most research is do best on DEM for river basin analysis, estimation of soil loss, water resource evaluation and topographic characterization11,12,13,14.The high resolution DEMs provide finer extraction of land surface component like drainage network, slope facets and higher accuracy than a toposheet.The mor phometric parameter are heavily depend upon the scale of the feature extrcated.Research is going on which satellite provided imagery is relevant for accurately extract the stream network in various surface area like mountain, flat surface, less complex terrain area.In some cases SRTM is very good for drainage analysis15,16. For accuracy assessment the complete elevation criterion is more focused and less importance condition to how the various morphometric variables that are derived, vary from one dataset to the other, as well as how their prepared maps differ.1.2 Importance of Drainage Network in GISDrainage means the transfer of surplus water from a given place. In geomorphology and hydrology a Drainage pattern is a network that is generally formed by the waterbodies, lakes, streams, and rivers in a particular drainage basin. They are depend on topography of the land. The shape, size, number of the drainage basins base in an area vary with the topography. A drainage system are of six different type namely Dendritic Drainage, Parallel Drainage, Trellis Drainage, Radial Drainage, and Rectangular Drainage and Deranged Drainage. In hydrological studies, geomorphological analysis DEMs are primary element for catchment boundary, delineation of watershed boundary, estimation of various catchment parameters such as slope, contours, aspects, etc. and morphometric attribute like no of tributaries, stream order, stream length, bifurcation ratio, relief ratio etc. By examining various hydrological and morphological parameter the irrigation management department supply water in dry weather for cultivation crop production, water resource management department, flood hazard zone prediction and mitigation department, drainage management department are being very beneficial in recent year.1.3 Review of Drainage Extraction MethodsThe mesh network of attached stream pertaining to a land is the river pattern or drainage pattern. These network formation is mainly depend on t he morphological aspect of the terrain i.e. slope, varied resistance of rocks and geology and topology of the land. When a DEM is consider for drainage network extraction, the main steps are (1)fill depression,(2)flow focalization,(3)flow accumulation and (4)stream network times. A DEM is the representation of land elevation in digital form that aremainly stored as a rectangular matrix with integer or floating-point values. Among various algorithm the DEM pixels computation is based on D8 order that is first introduced by OCallaghan and Mark (1984)17.But this algorithm has some derelictions. As per D8 algorithm single flow direction is described by comparing the elevation of its 8 neighboring cells where the cells with higher elevations flow towards adjacent cells with lower elevation as the water flow from high elevation to low due to gravity. However parallel flow lines generation in flat areas is the prohibition of formation of concentrated channel flow and is a vital limita tion of D8 method. The most important problem while delineating stream network using DEM is the battlefront of sinks, for flat area and depressions it is difficult to set the ends of stream network and the flow direction assignment in individual cells. Thus for accurate extraction the sinks are removed from DEM in the first step. In 1988 an new developed algorithm is introduced by Jensen and Domingue to remove the sinks prior to the flow directions calculation by increasing the elevation value of nodes within each depression pixel to the level of the lowest node on the depression boundary. Next A new method to calculate the upslope areas using rectangular grid DEM and representation of flow directions is introduced known as D-infinity where the direction of flow is not restricted to check its 8 adjacent cells18.Some research is also done based on multipath flow direction but it is time consuming and more manual effort required for calculation1920.To improve the alive method a path based methods to resolve the nondispersive drainage flow direction in grid based DEM is introduced. It improved the D8 a few intent but fails to eliminate local level bias 21. Over the past 20 years, many improved method based on routing flow through pits and flats have been introduced. The technology developed and the drainage is extracted based on heuristic program information. An innovative algorithm is presented by W. Yang and co -authors in 2010 based on heuristic information that accurate extract the drainage network but fails to detect unrealistic parallel drainage lines, unreal drainage lines and spurious terrain features and has a nearer match with the existing pattern 22. More recently in 2012 Mr.Magalhaes have proposed a very simple and innovative approach where the DEM is considered as island and the outside water level raises step by step until the whole DEM is submerged. So gradually it flood the cells of the DEM, next filling the depression and spread it on flat t o flow towards a neighbor if that neighbor has a assigned direction of flow that does not point back to the early visited cell. In such manner, the flow direction assignments grow iteratively into flat surfaces from areas. After that flow direction is calculated and accumulation flow is generated that is the final step of stream network generation or drainage network computation 23.In 2013 a flooding algorithm is proposed by Antonio et.al to extract the drainage on flat surface and able to works on primitive DEMs avoiding the problems caused by flats and pits, able to extract watercourses with a width greater than one cell and identify fluvial landforms such as marshes, lakes or river islands that are not directly managed by most of previous solutions24.1.4 Literature SurveyResearch is going on which satellite imagery provide the accurate result for drainage extraction. DEMs provide us a digital representation of the continuous land surface. Advanced remote sensing technologies (e. g. SRTM, ASTER-GDEM, Cartosat 1.DEM etc.) are capable of generating new elevation data and freely availbale.High resolution DEM provide accurate drainage extraction. During past 20 years many satellite generated imagery is used to extract the drainage pattern and examined on various terrain like mountain area, medium complex terrain and flat surface. But the accurate extraction which is very essential for hydrologic and morphological analysis is still lacking some feature.Gajalakshmi K. and Anantharama V. recently analyses the accuracy between Cartosat 1 DEM and SRTM DEM.As per experiment in gradually undulating terrain, elevation values of Cartosat-DEM are lower than SRTM-DEM. whereas the stream parameter values of Cartosat-DEM are higher than SRTM-DEM25. Sarra Ouerghi et.al. comparers the ASTER-GDEM and SRTM DEM for drainage extraction. The analysis found that ASTER GDEM is more pronounced in flat and less complex terrain 26. Sample drainage network represented in fig 1.4.Fig 1.4. Stream networks derived from Topo DEM, ASTER GDEM, and SRTM 26Table 1. Summary of SurveySL NoTitleDescriptionRemarks1Water Body sleuthing and Delineation with Landsat 5 TM Data.Landsat 5 TM + imagery used to map river line waterbody and compared with Aerial image.Manual classification of Landsat imagery and Aerial imagery. phantasm in image registration occur.2DSM generation and evaluation from QuickBird stereo imagery with 3D physical modeling.QuickBird stereo imagery is used for generating the DEM and 5m contour generation and drainage pattern extraction.Manual process to prepare DEM Automatic extraction missing. Resolution high but time consuming process.3Cartosat-1 derived DEM (CartoDEM)towards Parameter thought of Microwatershed and Comparison with ALTM DEM.Cartosat-1 and ALTM DEM is compared for drainage pattern extraction and Microwatersheds parameter analysis in MadhyaPrades.Suitable for Mountain area but not suitable for plain area.Saveral steps required to process the D EM and extract the data.4Assessment of extraction drainage pattern from topographic maps based on photogrammetryAerial Image and four toposheet is svelte for drainage mapping and compare the both.Satellite imagery accurately extract drainage, some drainage is missing in toposheet. Several image processing steps required to extract pattern from satellite image.5A GIS based approach in drainage morphometric analysis of Kanhar River Basin, India.ASTER-DEM,Landsat ETM+,SOI toposheet for morphometric analysisAll morphometric parameter has not been introduced.2. ConclusionThe extraction of drainage networks can be done form of contour map, raster map or DEMs.The satellite provided DEMs are very efficient to extract the drainage network in all terrain because the satellite gives the up-to-date changes happen on earth surface like change position of river network, new waterbody etc. feature is capture via highly sensitive sensor present in satellite. Thus less time required to extract the pattern from satellite provided DEM.Survey found that automatic extraction is accurately extract the pattern rather than topographic map with less error. The Cartosat 1 DEM is very useful for mountain area, SRTM and ASTER-GDEM is suitable for medium and flat surface where terrain is less complex.ReferencesTiange Liu Qiguang Miao Pengfei Xu Jianfeng Song Yining Quan. Color topographical map segmentation Algorithm based on linear element eatures. Springer journal,Multimedia Tools and Application, mountain 75, Issue 10, (2016)5417-5438Samih B. Al Rawashdeh. Assessment of extraction drainage pattern from topographic maps based on photogrammetry. Springer, Arabian Journal of Geosciences , Volume 6, Issue 12, (2013) 4873-4880T. Toutin. DSM generation and evaluation from QuickBird stereo imagery with 3D physical modelling. International Journal of Remote stinkpoting, VOL. 25, NO. 22, (2004)5181-5193Sarra Ouerghi, Ranya Fadlalla Abdalla ELsheikh, Hammadi Achour, Samir Bouazi Evalu ation and Validation of Recent Freely-Available ASTER-GDEM V.2, SRTM V.4.1 and the DEM Derived from Topographical Map over SW Grombalia (Test Area) in North East of Tunisia. Springer Paper, Journal of Geographic cultivation System, 7, (2015) 266-279Gajalakshmi K. and Anantharama V. Comparative Study of Cartosat-DEM and SRTM-DEM on Elevation Data and Terrain Elements. Cloud Publications International Journal of Advanced Remote hummering and GIS. Volume 4, Issue 1, (2015) 1361-1366Toutin T, Chenier R, Carbonneau Y 3D geometric modelling of Ikonos Geo images. In Proceedings of ISPRS joint workshop .High resolution from Space, Hannover(2001).Toutin T. DEM from stereo Landsat 7 ETM+ data over high relief areas. Int J Remote Sens 23(10) (2002)2133-2139Toutin T. DSM generation and evaluation from QuickBird stereo imagery with 3D physical modelling. Int J Remote Sens 25(22) (2004)5181-5192.Poli D, Li Z, Gruen. A SPOT-5/HRS stereo images orientation and automated DSM generation. Int Arc h Photogramm Remote Sens 35(B1) (2002)130-135Hirano A, Welch R, Lang H. Mapping from ASTER stereo image data DEM check and accuracy assessment. ISPRS J Photogramm Remote Sens 57 (2003)356-370Chopra R, Dhiman RD, Sharma PK. Morphometric analysis of subwatersheds in Gurdaspur District Punjab using remote sensing and GIS techniques. J Indian Soc Remote Sens 33 (2005)531-539.Kale VS, Shejwalkar N. Western Ghat escarpment evolution in the Deccan Basalt Province geomorphic observations based on DEM analysis. J Geol Soc India 70 (2007)459-473.Sreedevi PD, Owais S, Khan HH, Ahmed S. Morphometric analysis of a watershed of South India using SRTM Data and GIS. J Geol Soc India 73 (2009) 543-552Ghosh P, Sinha S, Misra A. Morphometric properties of the trans-Himalayan river catchments clues towards a relative chronology of orogenwide drainage integration. Geomorphology 233 (2015) 127-141Gorokhovich Y, Voustianiouk A. Accuracy assessment of the processed- SRTM based elevation data by CGIAR usin g field data from USA and Thailand and its relation to the terrain characteristics. Remote Sens Environ 104 (2006) 409-415Weydahl DJ, Sagstuen J, Dick OB, Ronning H. SRTM DEM accuracy over vegetated areas in Norway. Int J Remote Sens 28(16) (2007) 3513-3527OCallaghan J, Mark DM. The extraction of drainage networks from digital elevation data. Compute Vis Graph Image Process 28(3) (1984) 323-344David G. Tarboron. A new method for the determination of flow directions and upslope areas in grid digital elevation models, WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, VOL. 33, NO. 2, (1997) 309-319Zhang Yu, Liu Yong-xue, Chen Zhen-jie. Multi-flow direction algorithms for extraction drainage network based on digital elevation model. Geospatial Information Science, 6753(2B) (2007) 1-9Tarboton D G. A new method for the determination of flow directions and upslope areas in grid digital elevation models J. Water Resources Research, , 33(2) (1997) 309-319Orlandini S, Moretti G, Franchini M, Aldighieri B, Testa B. Path- based methods for the determination of nondispersive drainage directions in grid-based digital elevation models. Water Resour Res 39(6) (2003)W. Yang1,2, K. Hou1,3, F. Yu2 , Z. Liu4 , and T. Sun1. A novel algorithm with heuristic information for extracting drainage networks from raster DEMs, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., 7, (2010) 441-459Magalhaes, S.V.G., Andrade, M.V.A., Franklin, W.R., Pena, G.C. A new method for computing the drainage network based on raising the level of an ocean surrounding the terrain, in Proceedings of 15th AGILE International group on Geographic Information Science, Avignon (France), (2012) 391-407Antonio Rueda , Jos M. Noguera , Carmen Martnez-Cruz. A flooding algorithm for extracting drainage networks from unprocessed digital elevation models. Computers Geosciences Volume 59, (2013) 116-123Gajalakshmi K. and Anantharama V. Comparative Study of Cartosat-DEM and SRTM-DEM on Elevation Data and Terrain Elements. International Journal of Advan ced Remote Sensing and GIS, Volume 4, Issue 1, (2015) 1361-1366Sarra Ouerghi, Ranya Fadlalla Abdalla ELsheikh, Hammadi Achour, Samir Bouazi. Evaluation and Validation of Recent Freely-Available ASTER-GDEM V.2, SRTM V.4.1 and the DEM Derived from Topographical Map over SW Grombalia (Test Area) in North East of Tunisia.Journal of Geographic Information System, 7, (2015) 266-279

The Benefits and Future of Distance Education :: Education Teaching

The Benefits and Future of Distance Education What is Distance Education? Education has traditionally consisted of a student or group of students receiving instruction from a teacher with everyone involved in one location. Distance education is changing the way instruction happens today. Distance education is the acquisition of knowledge and/or skills wherein snip and/or space separates the learner and provider (McMahan 4). Distance education in its most basic sense happens when student(s) be in one location and the teacher(s) be in another location. In traditional education students make use of textbooks, listen to lectures, and use other locally available resources. In distance education students use a variety of technological resources (that is, interactive video, television, computers, and even audio and video cassettes). Distance education changes the practice of the student coming to the teacher. It gives students and teachers more flexibility and options concerning wh en and how to speculate and teach. Distance education has provided students with more opportunities to participate in a richer, broader educational experience (Kessler and Keefe 44) by crossing city, state, and international borders. Where Did Distance Education Come From? Although the condition distance education is of recent coinage, the concept of learning at a distance is not new at all (Neal 40). Distance education has been close to in many forms for hundreds of years.Almost anyone who has received any formal education has at some time engaged in distance learning. The oldest and most prevalent form of distance learning is probably homework. The teacher constructs a learning activity that can be accomplished without the presence of the teacher, and the student completes it independently, or with the attention of someone other than the teacher (Davey 44). Correspondence courses were the earliest form of distance education courses. This was the accepted norm until the middle of the light speed, when instructional radio and television became popular (Sherry 337). In the past, use of distance education was not widespread because the equipment was costly and difficult to use. Distance education was also a new and unknown line of products and our society tends to shy away from the new and unknown. The technologies currently being utilized in connection with distance education are now easier to use and are commonly available. The costs have also become more affordable, making distance education more available. The fast paced hectic life of the 20th century also makes distance learning more desirable.

Conceptualizing Neurological and Cultural Explanations of Synesthesia :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Tangled Wires Conceptualizing Neurological and Cultural Explanations of SynesthesiaSynesthesia - a mixing or combination of senses - is a excogitation relatively familiar in the Western world. History is littered with descriptions of people tasting words and beholding sounds the folklore of creative and expressive arts, in particular, filled with stories of noted synesthetes. Russian author Vladimir Nabokov, German painter Wassily Kandinsky, Ameri bunghole artist David Hockney, and Russian composer Alexander Scriabin have all been labeled as such, and books on the base were produce as early as 1890 . Though at that time interest in synesthesia was generally from those involved in humanities disciplines, it was clear that synesthesia was an unusual form of perception, which opened the door for the phenomenon to be studied by neuroscientists. As these scientists gained the smart machine (more complex theories of the human nervous system, for example) to approach these issues o f perception, synesthesia again became a topic of interest in the 1980s and 90s. Historical reasons for this are perhaps due to the change magnitude availability and interest in technology during the shivery War and Americans resulting faith in expertise of science. Also, the discovery of LSD and trend of recreational hallucinogen white plague in the 1960s and 70s could have influenced this interest, as hallucinogens (particularly LSD) are cognize to induce synesthesia. Though this historical background may not seem important to a neurobiological paper, I wish to in part economic consumption this paper to show links between culture and scientific objectivity. The controversy surrounding current theories of synesthesia is most certainly culturally informed, and scientists movementing in this area are as likely to cite philosophers as they are scientific research . This intellectual debate surrounding synesthesia, which is both philosophical and scientific, can also inform our class discussion of the notion that brain equals behavior. Cytowic, who is one of the foremost writers on the topic of synesthesia posits a complex mlange of scientific and epistemological points to analyze the phenomenon. An explanation of his work is crucial to getting inside the synesthesia debate. Instead of view synesthesia as a neurobiological concern, Cytowic explains how multidisciplinary work will provide insight into consciousness, the nature of reality, and the relationship between reason and emotion (1). He aims to come along not only at experimental information but at a broad overview of the scientific concept of the brain in order to reaction the synesthesia question. His work is circumscribed by historical and philosophical frameworks as are mentioned above.Conceptualizing Neurological and Cultural Explanations of Synesthesia Biology Essays Research PapersTangled Wires Conceptualizing Neurological and Cultural Explanations of SynesthesiaSynesthesia - a mixing o r combination of senses - is a concept relatively familiar in the Western world. History is littered with descriptions of people tasting words and seeing sounds the folklore of creative and expressive arts, in particular, filled with stories of famous synesthetes. Russian author Vladimir Nabokov, German painter Wassily Kandinsky, American artist David Hockney, and Russian composer Alexander Scriabin have all been labeled as such, and books on the topic were published as early as 1890 . Though at that time interest in synesthesia was mainly from those involved in humanities disciplines, it was clear that synesthesia was an unusual form of perception, which opened the door for the phenomenon to be studied by neuroscientists. As these scientists gained the intellectual apparatus (more complex theories of the human nervous system, for example) to approach these issues of perception, synesthesia again became a topic of interest in the 1980s and 90s. Historical reasons for this are perhap s due to the increased availability and interest in technology during the Cold War and Americans resulting faith in expertise of science. Also, the discovery of LSD and trend of recreational hallucinogen use in the 1960s and 70s could have influenced this interest, as hallucinogens (particularly LSD) are known to induce synesthesia. Though this historical background may not seem important to a neurobiological paper, I wish to in part use this paper to show links between culture and scientific objectivity. The controversy surrounding current theories of synesthesia is most certainly culturally informed, and scientists working in this area are as likely to cite philosophers as they are scientific research . This intellectual debate surrounding synesthesia, which is both philosophical and scientific, can also inform our class discussion of the notion that brain equals behavior. Cytowic, who is one of the foremost writers on the topic of synesthesia posits a complex mlange of scientific and epistemological points to analyze the phenomenon. An explanation of his work is crucial to getting inside the synesthesia debate. Instead of viewing synesthesia as a neurobiological concern, Cytowic explains how multidisciplinary work will provide insight into consciousness, the nature of reality, and the relationship between reason and emotion (1). He aims to look not only at experimental data but at a broad overview of the scientific concept of the brain in order to answer the synesthesia question. His work is circumscribed by historical and philosophical frameworks as are mentioned above.